在大多数硅太阳能电池上，来自太阳的热辐射大大损失。但是，上连接器将红外辐射转化为可用的光。现在，研究人员首次成功地调整了这种效果，以用于产生能力。
There is more to solar radiation than meets the eye: sun- burn develops from unseen UV radiation, while we sense infrared radiation as heat on our skin, though invisible to us. Solar cells also ‘see’ only a portion of solar radiation: ap- proximately 20 percent of the energy contained in the solar spectrum is unavailable to cells made of silicon – they are unable to utilize a part of the infrared radiation, the short-wavelength IR radiation, for generating power.
弗雷堡的弗劳恩霍夫太阳能系统ISE研究所的研究人员，以及瑞士伯尔尼大学的同事和苏格兰爱丁堡的赫里奥特瓦大学，现在首次与此辐射的一部分一起使用，实用的上交器的协助。自1960年代以来，已经知道了将基础红色转变为可用光的技术。然而，自1996年以来，它仅与太阳能电池有关。“我们已经能够适应太阳能电池和近距离连接器，以便到目前为止获得最大的提高，” Stefan Fischer愉快地报告说，ISE的科学家。潜力很大：从理论上讲，硅太阳能电池将大约30％的阳光转化为电力。上频率可能会将这一部分提高到40％。
光颗粒的梯子
但是，上连接器如何设法利用太阳能电池的红外辐射？当太阳辐射落在太阳能电池上时，它们会吸收可见的和近红外的光。但是，红外部分没有吸收，但是它可以通过它们。在后侧，辐射进入上连接器 - 基本上是由嵌入聚合物中的氟钠制成的微晶粉末。Yttrium的一部分已被科学家所取代，其元素Erbium在光学范围内活跃，最终负责上转换。
随着光线落在该近距离连接器上，它激发了erbium离子。这意味着它们被提升到更高的能源状态。您可以想象这种反应就像爬上梯子一样：离子中的电子利用光粒子的能量爬上梯子的第一步。SEC-OND光粒子使电子能够爬到第二步，依此类推。以这种方式感到兴奋的离子可以从最高步骤或状态“跳下”。这样一来，它以等于所有有助于Electron爬上的光颗粒的能量发出光。可以说，上连接器收集了其中几个粒子的能量，并将其传输到一个。这样的能量太多，以至于太阳能电池可以“看到”并可以利用它。
Researchers had to adapt the solar cells in order to be able to employ an up-converter such as this. Normally, metal is vapour-deposited on the backside, enabling current to flow out of the solar cells – so no light can shine through normally. “We equipped the solar cells with metal lattices on the front and rear sides so that IR light can pass through the solar cells. In addition, the light can be used by both faces of the cell – we call this a bi-facial solar cell,” explains Fischer. Scientists have applied specialized anti-reflection coatings to the front and rear sides of the solar cell. These cancel reflections at the surfaces and assure that the cells absorb as much light as possible. “This is the first time we have adapted the anti- reflection coating to the backside of the solar cell as well. That could increase the efficiency of the modules and raise their energy yields. The first companies are already trying to accomplish this by implementing bi-facial solar cells,” says Fischer, emphasizing the potential of the approach.
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