In a single hour, more energy from the sun hits the Earth than all the energy used by humankind in an entire year. Imagine if the sun’s energy could be harnessed to power energy needs on Earth, and done in a way that is economical, scalable, and environmentally responsible. Researchers have long seen this as one of the grand challenges of the 21st century.
哥伦比亚工程化学工程助理教授的Daniel Esposito一直在研究水电解?将水分成氧气(O.2)和氢气(h2) fuel?as a way to convert electricity from solar photovoltaics (PVs) into storable hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen is a clean fuel that is currently used to propel rockets in NASA’s space program and is widely expected to play an important role in a sustainable energy future. The vast majority of today’s hydrogen is produced from natural gas through a process called steam methane reforming that simultaneously releases CO2, but water electrolysis using electricity from solar PV offers a promising route to produce H2没有任何相关的CO2排放。
Esposito的团队现已开发出一种新型光伏动力电解装置,可作为独立平台运行,漂浮在开放水上。他的浮动PV-Electrolyzer可以被认为是“太阳能燃料钻机”,除了它会产生来自阳光和水的氢燃料,而不是从海底下方提取石油。
研究人员的关键创新是他们将H分开的方法2and O2水电解产生的气体。最先进的电解槽使用昂贵的膜来保持这两个气体的分离。哥伦比亚工程装置依赖于新的电极配置,使得使用水中气泡的浮力分离和收集气体。该设计能够高效地操作高产品纯度,并且不积极泵送电解质。基于浮力引起的分离的概念,简单的电解柜架构产生H.2with purity as high as 99 percent.
“我们的PV-Electrolyzer架构的简单性?没有膜或泵,我们的设计对于其在海水电解中的应用特别有吸引力,因为它与含有膜的当前装置相比,由于其低成本和更高的耐用性,”Esposito说:“谁的太阳能燃料工程实验室开发了太阳能和电化学技术,将可再生和丰富的太阳能转化为可储存的化学品燃料。“我们相信我们的原型是实用膜浮式PV-Electryzer系统的首次演示,可以激发大规模的”太阳能燃料钻机“,这可能会产生大量的H.2来自丰富的阳光和海水的燃料,而不占用土地上的任何空间或与农业用途的淡水竞争。“
Commercial electrolyzer devices rely on a membrane, or divider, to separate the electrodes within the device from which H2and O2生产气体。电解装置的大部分研究都集中在掺入膜的装置上。这些膜和分隔器容易降解和失效,并且需要高纯度水源。海水含有杂质和微生物,可以容易地破坏这些膜。
“Being able to safely demonstrate a device that can perform electrolysis without a membrane brings us another step closer to making seawater electrolysis possible,” says Jack Davis, the paper’s first author and a PhD student working with Esposito. “These solar fuels generators are essentially artificial photosynthesis systems, doing the same thing that plants do with photosynthesis, so our device may open up all kinds of opportunities to generate clean, renewable energy.”
对Esposito的PV-Electryzer的操作至关重要的是一种新型电极构造,包括网状流通电极,其仅在一侧涂有催化剂。这些不对称电极促进了气态H的演变2and O2仅在沉积催化剂的电极的外表面上的产品。当生长的h2and O2气泡变得足够大,它们的浮力导致它们从电极表面上脱离并漂浮到单独的顶置收集室中。
该团队使用哥伦比亚洁净室将铂电极盖上的铂金电极和哥伦比亚制造空间中的3D打印机存放在哥伦比亚制造空间中的许多反应器组件。他们还使用高速摄像机来监控H的运输2and O2bubbles between electrodes, a process known as “crossover.” Crossover between electrodes is undesirable because it decreases product purity, leading to safety concerns and the need for downstream separation units that make the process more expensive.
In order to monitor H2and O2Crossover事件,研究人员在所有电解装置中掺入了窗口,以便它们可以在器件运行时从电极从电极中采用高速视频。这些视频通常以每秒500帧的速率(典型的iPhone以每秒30帧的速率捕获视频)。
团队是精炼他们的设计更高效nt operation in real seawater, which poses additional challenges compared to the more ideal aqueous electrolytes used in their laboratory studies. They also plan to develop modular designs that they can use to build larger, scaled-up systems.
Esposito补充说:“有许多可能的技术解决方案来实现可持续的能源未来,但没有人确切地知道技术或技术的组合将是最好的追求。由于可用的太阳能巨大,我们对太阳能燃料技术的潜力特别感到兴奋。我们的挑战是找到可扩展和经济的技术,将阳光转化为有用的能量形式,当太阳不闪耀时也可以存放时间。“
(左)硫酸液体储存中漂浮的独立PV-Electratezer原型的照片。定位在“迷你钻机”顶部的光伏电池将光转换为电力,用于为下面淹没的膜无电解器供电。当它们向上漂浮时,所产生的H 2气泡在装置的内部收获,而允许O2气泡排出到大气中。(右)渲染在开阔的海洋上运行的假设大规模的“太阳能燃料钻机”,其中它使用丰富的阳光将海水分成H2,然后暂时存放在管道上,然后返回到岸边。(图片信用:(左)杰克戴维斯(右)Justin Bui / Columbia Engineering)
提起:M2M(机器到机器)
