波导几乎有些可笑 - 电磁信号或可用功率可以通过空心管道的观念,并且需要适合水管工的交易来弯曲管道并使其泄漏。实际上使用了法兰接头和垫圈!
要了解发生的事情,我们必须考虑电能的各种原理传输模式。随着频率的上升,电感(系列)和电容性(平行)损失共同促进普通电线中的衰减。在无线电频率下,Heaviside的同轴电缆通常使用,并且在短距离内最多可达到一个Gigahertz。高于该水平,需要一个管状波导。
波导构造有变化,但总体上的想法是,矩形横截面的导电金属管有抛光的内部表面形成一个传达高频电能的通道。波导的大小与波长成正比,并且与要传达的信号的频率成反比。
光纤是光频率的波导。信号传输介质是固体的,而不是RF波导的空气。光纤的材料特性不同于其覆层的材料特性(基本上是高介电常数与低介电常数),这是反射光的必要条件,因此它在纤维内传播。自然界也存在波导。一个例子是由海洋中的热层形成的声学路径,这是一个事实,即可能听到数千英里外的鲸鱼哭声。
Increasingly large waveguides are needed as the frequency declines. This reality imposes a lower limit on their usage. Waveguides for low-frequency applications (for example, radio telescope arrays) must be set with a crane, while those designed to convey the highest frequencies are held in place with tweezers for soldering on a printed circuit board.
在几乎每个美国房屋中都发现了至少一个波导。它是在微波炉顶部附近的小云母窗口后面,它从磁铁微波源转移到烹饪室。另一个熟悉的波导是电视和互联网卫星天线的一部分。
A waveguide is needed to convey the microwave frequencies used in transponder-to-dish transmission. It conveys the high-frequency signal as reflected from the parabolic dish to the feed horn, down to the low noise block (LNB) where the signal is converted to a more manageable lower frequency so it can travel 50 ft or so via coax into the home and to the receiver or modem. The LNB, because of its size, cannot reside at the focus of the dish, where it would block transmission.
电能在波导中传播,即单一导向器路径,与熟悉的两导体电连接的方式截然不同。信号的电气和相关磁场始终彼此垂直。当信号通过电气传输线传播时,其相关的EM场也垂直于行进线。这种常见的传输类型是原理模式,也称为横向电气和磁性(TEM)模式。它的传输需要两个导体。与输送的电能的波长相比,导体的直径很小。这种传输模式适用于DC和AC,尽管如上所述,由于电容性和电感损失,性能以较高的频率下降。在较高的频率下,波导变得适用。
In waveguide transmission, there is no second (return) conductor. In this type of transmission, the electric and magnetic fields are still perpendicular to one another, but only one of these fields is perpendicular to the direction of travel. The names for the two subcategories of this type of transmission are transverse electric (TE) mode and transverse magnetic (TM) mode, depending on which field is transverse to the direction of travel.
高频信号在波导的上游端插入,并在下游端通过小偶极或半偶极天线提取,这是简单的线。
未来的文章将讨论还使用波导的空腔谐振器。
帖子Basics of waveguides首先出现Test & Measurement Tips.
Filed Under:Test & Measurement Tips
