From catching the right criminal to offering hope in overturning convictions, facial recognition offers public safety and the judicial system an effective way out of bureaucratic processes.
Facial Recognition in Public Safety
Facial recognition is one of the easiest and most commonly used biometric tools.
When it comes to public safety, however, the technology has had a tentative roll-out. OnlyChina has widely deployed facial recognition在农历新年季节期间在火车站首次亮相。一些国家（例如日本）计划在高调的场合使用该技术，例如奥运会或其他主要体育赛事。有两个主要的道德问题：发展偏见和facial recognition ethics of use.
In the former, facial recognition must be developed before it can be implemented. A major part of that development is deep learning, where the program perfects its mapping ability and positive identification tools by practicing on massive data sets. Unfortunately, many of these data sets are notdiverse. They largely overrepresent Caucasian individuals as well as men, people without disabilities and middle-aged adults.
Consequently, facial recognition software can be faulty when mapping and matching faces of people of color, women and the elderly. The racial element is especially troubling, particularly in the United States. Black men and queer women of color are disproportionately imprisoned compared to other populations. An inaccurate facial recognition software has the potential to further that disparity; moreover, it could lead to a higher number of mistaken identities due to false matches.
Regarding ethics, issues have arisen in areas from necessity, complicity, impartiality, bias, accountability and oversight. Some software developers are not comfortable developing the technology for public safety. In governance systems like the United States, there are many jurisdictions on local, state and Federal levels. Outside groups worry that a patchwork deployment will lead to unethical use without oversight. Many concerns surround the隐私问题. Who will own facial image data? How will police and public security team share this information? Will it be securely stored or vulnerable to malicious actors?
In the UK, the independentBiometrics and Forensics Ethics Group(BFEG) released an ethical framework to guide the technology. Moreover, developers have sought to diversify their data sets, even if it means generating images through simulation. Companies providing the technology have investigated how to secure image databases, such as local storage. Finally, governments at all levels are creating task forces to analyzeresponsible waysto usefacial recognition for public safety没有妥协道德。
Pending this responsible development, facial recognition has the ability to simplify identifying known or suspected terrorists, especially in crowded places, reducing the chances of racial profiling. It could also speed up time consuming administrative tasks, such as documentation, line-ups, and minor security. Moreover, on a positive outlook, facial recognition, and AI in general, can be used to hastilyclear overturned convictionsby matching individuals to their booked photos attached to records.
What is Facial Recognition and How Does It Work?
Facial recognition is a subcategory of biometrics. It’s made possible by advanced computing components, such as processors and memory, andArtificial Intelligence tools, such as machine learning. Facial recognition is when a device uses a camera to identify a face for security or other purposes.
The面部识别过程is a five-step system. First, computers are taught to “map” faces using key measurements and patterns from the face. For example, computers use software to map the distance between eyes, nostrils and ears. They also scan for “nodal points,” such as high cheekbones or prominent jaw lines. This first step creates abstract geometric maps that can be added to a database. That database can vary in size from a large corporate resource or on locally stored memory with one or two entries.
From that point on, the image processing device can “capture” faces, map them and see if their face map matches any faces in the database. In the case of security, if the face map does not match, the person is not allowed access. In the case of criminal line-ups, if the face map matches the suspect, then they could be charged.
面部识别的早期阶段始于可以识别相册中面孔的软件程序。Google和Facebook仍然使用这种面部识别algorithmfor tagging photos. More interactive applications have gone mainstream. Apple includes facial recognition on the iPhone X for users to unlock their phones. One can also find facial recognition in banks and airports, like theDelta International Terminalin Atlanta. The most advanced systems now can distinguish faces in real time in crowds. In China, police officers use intelligence-enabled glasses that scan crowds for offenders evading the law, among other offenses.
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